Bellows or tubes shorten the available maximum focus distance and make it impossible to focus to infinity. Tubes of various lengths can be stacked, decreasing lens-to-subject distance and increasing magnification. The further the lens is from the film or sensor, the closer the focusing distance, the greater the magnification, and the darker the image given the same aperture.

150вЂ“200В mmВ вЂ“ insects and other small animals where additional working distance is requiredД®xtending the distance between the lens and the film or sensor, by inserting either extension tubes or a continuously adjustable bellows, is another equipment option for macro photography.

90вЂ“105В mmВ вЂ“ insects, flowers, and small objects from a comfortable distance.

45вЂ“65В mmВ вЂ“ product photography, small objects that can be approached closely without causing undesirable influence, and scenes requiring natural background perspective.

Continuously-variable focal lengthВ вЂ“ suitable for virtually all macro subjects.

Macro lenses of different focal lengths find different uses: Others, such as the Infinity Photo-Optical's TS-160 can achieve magnifications from 0-18x on sensor, focusing from infinity down to 18В mm from the object. True macro lenses, such as the Canon MP-E 65mm f/2.8 1-5x Macro, Laowa 25mm f/2.8 2.5-5X Ultra Macro (A relatively shorter focal length) or Minolta AF 3x-1x 1.7-2.8 Macro, can achieve higher magnification than life size, enabling photography of the structure of small insect eyes, snowflakes, and other minuscule objects.

(Unlike most other lens makers, Nikon designates its macro lenses as 'Micro' because of their original use in making microform.) Most modern macro lenses can focus continuously to infinity as well and can provide excellent optical quality for normal photography. 'Macro' lenses specifically designed for close-up work, with a long barrel for close focusing and optimized for high reproduction ratios, are one of the most common tools for macro photography. Minolta 100-300mm zoom lens with markings for reproduction ratio In the digital age, a 'true' macro photograph can be more practically defined as a photograph with a vertical subject height of 24В mm or less. Reproduction ratios much greater than 10:1 are considered to be photomicrography, often achieved with digital microscope (photomicrography should not be confused with microphotography, the art of making very small photographs, such as for microforms).Дue to advances in sensor technology, today's small-sensor digital cameras can rival the macro capabilities of a DSLR with a 'true' macro lens, despite having a lower reproduction ratio, making macro photography more widely accessible at a lower cost.

For example, when producing a 6Г—4-inch (15Г—10-cm) print using 35 format (36Г—24В mm) film or sensor, a life-size result is possible with a lens having only a 1:4 reproduction ratio. ДЄpart from technical photography and film-based processes, where the size of the image on the negative or image sensor is the subject of discussion, the finished print or on-screen image more commonly lends a photograph its macro status. Likewise, a macro lens is classically a lens capable of reproduction ratios of at least 1:1, although it often refers to any lens with a large reproduction ratio, despite rarely exceeding 1:1. The ratio of the subject size on the film plane (or sensor plane) to the actual subject size is known as the reproduction ratio. In some senses, however, it refers to a finished photograph of a subject that is greater than life size. Д«y the original definition, a macro photograph is one in which the size of the subject on the negative or image sensor is life size or greater. Macro photography (or photomacrography or macrography, and sometimes macrophotography ) is extreme close-up photography, usually of very small subjects and living organisms like insects, in which the size of the subject in the photograph is greater than life size (though macrophotography also refers to the art of making very large photographs).

Macro photograph of a fern sorus using 4:3 aspect ratio

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